Intelligent Information Bypass for More Efficient Emergency Management
Vetulani Zygmunt 1, Osiński Jędrzej 2
1 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
E-mail: vetulani@amu.edu.pl2 Quality Assurance Department, Cognifide Polska, Poland
Received:
Received: 17 March 2017; revised: 18 June 2017; accepted: 20 June 2017; published online: 30 June 2017
DOI: 10.12921/cmst.2017.0000019
Abstract:
An information bottleneck is one of the typical failure causes in emergency situations. In this paper we focus on a novel approach that consists in applying an intelligent bypass involving natural language processing and AI technologies to minimize the negative effects of the information bottleneck. The system prototype has been implemented for a public security context (anti-hooligan prevention in large scale sport events). It may be adapted to other emergency situations (from anti-terrorist operations to natural disasters). The added value over the standard function of a bypass is the AI-based processing of the information entered to the bypass. As an example of reasoning performed by the bypass we discuss time-and-space information processing implemented in the beta-prototype of the POLINT-112-SMS system. We present the architecture of this system and provide examples of natural language dialogues between human system users and the system (registered at system testing). We discuss a number of possible application areas for the information bypass technology.
Key words:
decision support, emergency management, information bottleneck, natural language processing, spatial reasoning
References:
[1] Z. Vetulani, J. Marcinak, T. Obr˛ebski, G. Vetulani, A. Dabrowski, M. Kubis, J. Osiński, J. Walkowska, P. Kubacki, K. Witalewski, Language resources and text processing technologies. POLINT-112-SMS as example of homeland security oriented application (in Polish), ISBN 978-83-232-2155-5, ISSN 1896-379X, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznań, 2010.
[2] Z. Vetulani, J. Marciniak, Natural Language Based Communication between Human Users and the Emergency Center: POLINT-112-SMS, in: Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics. LTC 2009. Revised Selected Papers, Z. Vetulani, Ed. (Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg) 6562 of LNAI, pp. 303-314, 2011.
[3] A.B. Gjřrv, “Gjřrv Report” (full Norwegian text at the Government of Norway website, August 2012). (https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2012-14/id697260/), 2012.
[4] NATO (2012): Norway-NATO (The Norwegian Delegation to NATO), “22 July Commission’s report”, 14.08.2012, http://www.norway-nato.org/eng/News/22-July-Commissions-report/ [the easiest access to this source is by Internet].
[5] BBC (2012): News Europe, “Norway police «could have stopped Breivik sooner»”, 13.08.2012, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19241327 [the easiest access to this source is by Internet].
[6] Reuters (2012): “Norway could have prevented Breivik massacre, says commission”, 13.08.2012, (http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/13/us-breivik-commission-idUSBRE87C0PE20120813).
[7] Guardian (2012): The Guardian, “Anders Behring Breivik could have been halted – report”, 13.08.2012, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/13/anders-behring-breivik-attacks-halted-report [the easiest access to this source is by Internet].
[8] J.D Haller, A.S. Olearchyk, Cardiology’s 10 Greatest Discoveries, Tex Heart Institute Journal 29(4), 342–344 (2002).
[9] Z. Vetulani, PolNet-Polish WordNet, in: Z. Vetulani, Z. and J. Mariani, (Eds.): Human Language Technology Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics. LTC 2011. Revised Selected Papers. vol. 8387 of LNAI, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 408-416, 2014.
[10] M. Kubis, A query language for a wordnet-like lexical database, PhD dissertation (thesis) (in Polish with English abstract), Poznań, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2013.
[11] J. Osiński, Spatio-Temporal Knowledge Modeling and Processing. The XCDC Model – Theoretical Aspects and Applications, PhD dissertation (thesis) (in Polish with English abstract), Poznań, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2012.
[12] J. Walkowska, Modelowanie kompetencji dialogowej człowieka na potrzeby jej emulacji w zarządzających wiedzą systemach informatycznych współpracujących z wieloma użytkownikami. PhD dissertation (thesis) (in Polish with English abstract). Warsaw University, 2012.
[13] Z. Vetulani, Language Resources in a Public Security Application with Text Understanding Competence. A Case Study: POLINT-112-SMS, Proceedings of the LRPS Workshop at LREC 2012, May 27, 2012. Istanbul, Turkey, ELRA: Paris, pp. 54-63, ISBN 978-2-9517408-7-7, 2012.
[14] J.F Kelley, An empirical methodology for writing user-friendly natural language computer applications, in: Proceedings of ACM SIG-CHI ’83 Human Factors in Computing systems (Boston, 12–15 December 1983) Smith R. N., R., Pew, W., Janda, A.0 (Eds.) (New York, ACM), 193-196, 1983.
[15] D. Gibbon, I. Mertins, R.K. Moore (Eds.), Handbook of Multimodal and Spoken Dialogue Systems: Resources, Terminology and Product Evaluation. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000.
[16] P. Prat M. Aulinas, C. Turon, J. Comas, M. Poch, Role playing games: a methodology to acquire knowledge for integrated wastewater infrastructures management in a river basin scale. Water Sci. Technol. 59(9), 1809-1816 (2009).
[17] Z. Vetulani, J. Marciniak, Corpus Based Methodology in the Study and Design of Systems with Emulated Linguistic Competence, in: Natural Language Processing – NLP 2000, D. Christodoulakis, Ed. (Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg) vol. 1835 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 346-357, 2000.
[18] CNN (2004): State of Emergency in Missouri Now (2004): the easiest access to this source is by Internet on https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=State+of+Emergency+in+Missouri+Now+; last access on May 3, 2016.
[19] R.K. Goyal, M.J. Egenhofer, Cardinal directions between extended spatial objects, in: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2001.
[20] G. Ligozat, Z. Vetulani, J. Osiński, Spatiotemporal Aspects of the Monitoring of Complex Events for Public Security Purposes, Spatial Cognition and Computation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 11(1), 103–128 (2011).
[21] J. Osiński, Acquisition of Spatial Relations from an Experimental Corpus, in Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics, 4th Language and Technology Conference, Poznan, Poland, November 6-8, 2009, Revised Selected Papers, Z. Vetulani (Ed.) vol. 6562 of (Springer) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 388-399, 2011.
[22] J. Osiński, The XCDC Relations as a Spatio-Temporal Ontology, in Human Language Technology Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics, 5th Language and Technology Conference, LTC 2011, Poznan, Poland, November 25-27, 2011, Revised Selected Papers, Z. Vetulani, J. Mariani Eds. (Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg) vol. 8387 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 104-115, 2014.
[23] J. Osiński, Extended CDC vs Other Formalisms – The Comperative Analysis of the Models for Spatio-temporal Reasoning, in Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 11th International Conference, ICAISC 2012, Zakopane, Poland, April 29 – May 3, 2012, Proceedings, Part II, Rutkowski, L., M. Korytkowski, R. Scherer, R. Tadeusiewicz, L. Zadeh, J. Zurada (Eds.) vol. 7268 of (Springer) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 679-687, 2012.
[24] J. Osiński The Construction of the Relative Distance Fuzzy Values Based on the Questionnaire Experiment, in AI*IA 2013: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, XIIIth International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, Turin, Italy, December 4-6, 2013, Proceedings, M. Baldoni, M. C. Baroglio R. Boella G., Micalizio (Eds.), Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg, vol. 8249 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 217-226, 2013.
[25] S. Skiadopoulos, M. Koubarakis, Composing cardinal direction relations. in: Proceedings of Seventh International Symposium on Spatial and Temporal Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2121, Springer, pp 299-317, 2001.
[26] K. Osiński, Using Extended Cardinal Direction Calculus in Natural Language based Systems, in Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 10th International Conference, ICAISC 2010, Zakopane, Poland, June 13-17, 2010, Part II, L. Rutkowski, R.R. Scherer L. Tadeusiewicz J. Zadeh Zurada, Eds., vol. 6114 of. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, (Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) pp. 606-613, 2010.
[27] P. Conneally, Digital humanitarianism (talk published by TEDx in form of video). Accessible at https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_conneally_digital_humanitarianism (last access on May 3, 2016), 2011.
[28] Z. Vetulani, Lexical preanalysis in a DCG parser of Polish, in: Betriebslinguistik und Linguistikbetrieb. Akten des 24 Linguistischen Kolloquiuums, Bremen 1989 (Linguistische Arbeiten 260/261), Tübingen: Niemeyer, 341-350, 1991.
[29] Ch.R. Huyck, S.L. Lytinen, : Efficient Heuristic Natural Language Parsing, AAAI-93 P50ceedings. AAAI, 1993.
[30] N. Bostrom : “Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies”, Oxford University Press, 2014.
[31] S. Russel, P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence. A Modern Approach (second edition), Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.
[32] S. Musk, S. Wozniak, D. Hassabis, S. Hawking, : Autonomous Weapons: an Open Letter from AI & Robotics Researchers, IJCAI, July 28, 2015, Future of Life Institute [the easiest access to this source is by http://futureoflife.org/AI/open_letter_autonomous_weapons; access August 05, 2015], 2015.
[33] N. Rossini, A. Esposito, Modeling Human Behaviour in Emergency: A Research Agenda for the Creation of a Rescue Robot, in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, B. Apolloni, S. Bassis, A. Esposito, C.F. Morabito Eds. (IOS Press), pp. 235–246, 2011.
[34] A. Shendarkar, K. Vasudevan, S. Lee, Young-Jun Son, Crowd simulation for emergency response using BDI agent based on virtual reality, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 16(9), 1415-1429 (2008)
[35] Z. Vetulani, B. Walczak, T. Obr˛ebski, G. Vetulani : Unambiguous coding of the inflection of Polish nouns and its application in the electronic dictionaries – format POLEX, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznań, 1998.
[36] A. Przepiórkowski, M. Bańko, R.L Górski, B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., M. Łaziński, P. P˛ezik, National Corpus of Polish. in: Proceedings of the 5th Language & Technology Conference: Human Language Technologies as a Challenge for Computer Science and Linguistics, ,pp. 259–263, Poznań, 2011.
[37] D. Dubisz (Ed.), Uniwersalny słownik j˛ezyka polskiego PWN, (Universal dictionary of Polish, in Polish), 2nd edition, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006.
[38] K. Polański, Polański, (Ed.) (1980-1992): Słownik syntaktyczno-generatywny czasowników polskich (Generative Dictionary of Polish Verbs) (in Polish), t. I-IV, Ossolineum, Wrocław, 1980-1990, t. V, Instytut J˛ezyka Polskiego PAN, Kraków, 1992.
[39] Zb. Rau,: Przest˛epczość zorganizowana w Polsce i jej zwalczanie (M.A. dissertation, in Polish)), Wyd. Zakamycze, Kraków, 2002.
[40] W. Filipkowski, Zwalczanie przest˛epczości zorganizowanej w aspekcie finansowym, Grupa Wolters Kluwer, Kraków, 2004.
[41] H. Januszka, S. Gembara, Elementy nowoczesnego zarządzania w policji, Poznań, 2005.
[42] C. Fairon, S. Paumier, A Translated Corpus of 30,000 French SMS, in: Proceedings of LREC 2006, Genova, N. Calzolari, Ed., ELRA/ELDA, Paris, 2006.
An information bottleneck is one of the typical failure causes in emergency situations. In this paper we focus on a novel approach that consists in applying an intelligent bypass involving natural language processing and AI technologies to minimize the negative effects of the information bottleneck. The system prototype has been implemented for a public security context (anti-hooligan prevention in large scale sport events). It may be adapted to other emergency situations (from anti-terrorist operations to natural disasters). The added value over the standard function of a bypass is the AI-based processing of the information entered to the bypass. As an example of reasoning performed by the bypass we discuss time-and-space information processing implemented in the beta-prototype of the POLINT-112-SMS system. We present the architecture of this system and provide examples of natural language dialogues between human system users and the system (registered at system testing). We discuss a number of possible application areas for the information bypass technology.
Key words:
decision support, emergency management, information bottleneck, natural language processing, spatial reasoning
References:
[1] Z. Vetulani, J. Marcinak, T. Obr˛ebski, G. Vetulani, A. Dabrowski, M. Kubis, J. Osiński, J. Walkowska, P. Kubacki, K. Witalewski, Language resources and text processing technologies. POLINT-112-SMS as example of homeland security oriented application (in Polish), ISBN 978-83-232-2155-5, ISSN 1896-379X, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznań, 2010.
[2] Z. Vetulani, J. Marciniak, Natural Language Based Communication between Human Users and the Emergency Center: POLINT-112-SMS, in: Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics. LTC 2009. Revised Selected Papers, Z. Vetulani, Ed. (Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg) 6562 of LNAI, pp. 303-314, 2011.
[3] A.B. Gjřrv, “Gjřrv Report” (full Norwegian text at the Government of Norway website, August 2012). (https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2012-14/id697260/), 2012.
[4] NATO (2012): Norway-NATO (The Norwegian Delegation to NATO), “22 July Commission’s report”, 14.08.2012, http://www.norway-nato.org/eng/News/22-July-Commissions-report/ [the easiest access to this source is by Internet].
[5] BBC (2012): News Europe, “Norway police «could have stopped Breivik sooner»”, 13.08.2012, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19241327 [the easiest access to this source is by Internet].
[6] Reuters (2012): “Norway could have prevented Breivik massacre, says commission”, 13.08.2012, (http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/13/us-breivik-commission-idUSBRE87C0PE20120813).
[7] Guardian (2012): The Guardian, “Anders Behring Breivik could have been halted – report”, 13.08.2012, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/13/anders-behring-breivik-attacks-halted-report [the easiest access to this source is by Internet].
[8] J.D Haller, A.S. Olearchyk, Cardiology’s 10 Greatest Discoveries, Tex Heart Institute Journal 29(4), 342–344 (2002).
[9] Z. Vetulani, PolNet-Polish WordNet, in: Z. Vetulani, Z. and J. Mariani, (Eds.): Human Language Technology Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics. LTC 2011. Revised Selected Papers. vol. 8387 of LNAI, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 408-416, 2014.
[10] M. Kubis, A query language for a wordnet-like lexical database, PhD dissertation (thesis) (in Polish with English abstract), Poznań, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2013.
[11] J. Osiński, Spatio-Temporal Knowledge Modeling and Processing. The XCDC Model – Theoretical Aspects and Applications, PhD dissertation (thesis) (in Polish with English abstract), Poznań, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2012.
[12] J. Walkowska, Modelowanie kompetencji dialogowej człowieka na potrzeby jej emulacji w zarządzających wiedzą systemach informatycznych współpracujących z wieloma użytkownikami. PhD dissertation (thesis) (in Polish with English abstract). Warsaw University, 2012.
[13] Z. Vetulani, Language Resources in a Public Security Application with Text Understanding Competence. A Case Study: POLINT-112-SMS, Proceedings of the LRPS Workshop at LREC 2012, May 27, 2012. Istanbul, Turkey, ELRA: Paris, pp. 54-63, ISBN 978-2-9517408-7-7, 2012.
[14] J.F Kelley, An empirical methodology for writing user-friendly natural language computer applications, in: Proceedings of ACM SIG-CHI ’83 Human Factors in Computing systems (Boston, 12–15 December 1983) Smith R. N., R., Pew, W., Janda, A.0 (Eds.) (New York, ACM), 193-196, 1983.
[15] D. Gibbon, I. Mertins, R.K. Moore (Eds.), Handbook of Multimodal and Spoken Dialogue Systems: Resources, Terminology and Product Evaluation. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000.
[16] P. Prat M. Aulinas, C. Turon, J. Comas, M. Poch, Role playing games: a methodology to acquire knowledge for integrated wastewater infrastructures management in a river basin scale. Water Sci. Technol. 59(9), 1809-1816 (2009).
[17] Z. Vetulani, J. Marciniak, Corpus Based Methodology in the Study and Design of Systems with Emulated Linguistic Competence, in: Natural Language Processing – NLP 2000, D. Christodoulakis, Ed. (Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg) vol. 1835 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 346-357, 2000.
[18] CNN (2004): State of Emergency in Missouri Now (2004): the easiest access to this source is by Internet on https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=State+of+Emergency+in+Missouri+Now+; last access on May 3, 2016.
[19] R.K. Goyal, M.J. Egenhofer, Cardinal directions between extended spatial objects, in: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2001.
[20] G. Ligozat, Z. Vetulani, J. Osiński, Spatiotemporal Aspects of the Monitoring of Complex Events for Public Security Purposes, Spatial Cognition and Computation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 11(1), 103–128 (2011).
[21] J. Osiński, Acquisition of Spatial Relations from an Experimental Corpus, in Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics, 4th Language and Technology Conference, Poznan, Poland, November 6-8, 2009, Revised Selected Papers, Z. Vetulani (Ed.) vol. 6562 of (Springer) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 388-399, 2011.
[22] J. Osiński, The XCDC Relations as a Spatio-Temporal Ontology, in Human Language Technology Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics, 5th Language and Technology Conference, LTC 2011, Poznan, Poland, November 25-27, 2011, Revised Selected Papers, Z. Vetulani, J. Mariani Eds. (Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg) vol. 8387 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 104-115, 2014.
[23] J. Osiński, Extended CDC vs Other Formalisms – The Comperative Analysis of the Models for Spatio-temporal Reasoning, in Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 11th International Conference, ICAISC 2012, Zakopane, Poland, April 29 – May 3, 2012, Proceedings, Part II, Rutkowski, L., M. Korytkowski, R. Scherer, R. Tadeusiewicz, L. Zadeh, J. Zurada (Eds.) vol. 7268 of (Springer) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 679-687, 2012.
[24] J. Osiński The Construction of the Relative Distance Fuzzy Values Based on the Questionnaire Experiment, in AI*IA 2013: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, XIIIth International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, Turin, Italy, December 4-6, 2013, Proceedings, M. Baldoni, M. C. Baroglio R. Boella G., Micalizio (Eds.), Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg, vol. 8249 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 217-226, 2013.
[25] S. Skiadopoulos, M. Koubarakis, Composing cardinal direction relations. in: Proceedings of Seventh International Symposium on Spatial and Temporal Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2121, Springer, pp 299-317, 2001.
[26] K. Osiński, Using Extended Cardinal Direction Calculus in Natural Language based Systems, in Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 10th International Conference, ICAISC 2010, Zakopane, Poland, June 13-17, 2010, Part II, L. Rutkowski, R.R. Scherer L. Tadeusiewicz J. Zadeh Zurada, Eds., vol. 6114 of. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, (Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) pp. 606-613, 2010.
[27] P. Conneally, Digital humanitarianism (talk published by TEDx in form of video). Accessible at https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_conneally_digital_humanitarianism (last access on May 3, 2016), 2011.
[28] Z. Vetulani, Lexical preanalysis in a DCG parser of Polish, in: Betriebslinguistik und Linguistikbetrieb. Akten des 24 Linguistischen Kolloquiuums, Bremen 1989 (Linguistische Arbeiten 260/261), Tübingen: Niemeyer, 341-350, 1991.
[29] Ch.R. Huyck, S.L. Lytinen, : Efficient Heuristic Natural Language Parsing, AAAI-93 P50ceedings. AAAI, 1993.
[30] N. Bostrom : “Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies”, Oxford University Press, 2014.
[31] S. Russel, P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence. A Modern Approach (second edition), Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.
[32] S. Musk, S. Wozniak, D. Hassabis, S. Hawking, : Autonomous Weapons: an Open Letter from AI & Robotics Researchers, IJCAI, July 28, 2015, Future of Life Institute [the easiest access to this source is by http://futureoflife.org/AI/open_letter_autonomous_weapons; access August 05, 2015], 2015.
[33] N. Rossini, A. Esposito, Modeling Human Behaviour in Emergency: A Research Agenda for the Creation of a Rescue Robot, in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, B. Apolloni, S. Bassis, A. Esposito, C.F. Morabito Eds. (IOS Press), pp. 235–246, 2011.
[34] A. Shendarkar, K. Vasudevan, S. Lee, Young-Jun Son, Crowd simulation for emergency response using BDI agent based on virtual reality, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 16(9), 1415-1429 (2008)
[35] Z. Vetulani, B. Walczak, T. Obr˛ebski, G. Vetulani : Unambiguous coding of the inflection of Polish nouns and its application in the electronic dictionaries – format POLEX, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznań, 1998.
[36] A. Przepiórkowski, M. Bańko, R.L Górski, B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., M. Łaziński, P. P˛ezik, National Corpus of Polish. in: Proceedings of the 5th Language & Technology Conference: Human Language Technologies as a Challenge for Computer Science and Linguistics, ,pp. 259–263, Poznań, 2011.
[37] D. Dubisz (Ed.), Uniwersalny słownik j˛ezyka polskiego PWN, (Universal dictionary of Polish, in Polish), 2nd edition, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006.
[38] K. Polański, Polański, (Ed.) (1980-1992): Słownik syntaktyczno-generatywny czasowników polskich (Generative Dictionary of Polish Verbs) (in Polish), t. I-IV, Ossolineum, Wrocław, 1980-1990, t. V, Instytut J˛ezyka Polskiego PAN, Kraków, 1992.
[39] Zb. Rau,: Przest˛epczość zorganizowana w Polsce i jej zwalczanie (M.A. dissertation, in Polish)), Wyd. Zakamycze, Kraków, 2002.
[40] W. Filipkowski, Zwalczanie przest˛epczości zorganizowanej w aspekcie finansowym, Grupa Wolters Kluwer, Kraków, 2004.
[41] H. Januszka, S. Gembara, Elementy nowoczesnego zarządzania w policji, Poznań, 2005.
[42] C. Fairon, S. Paumier, A Translated Corpus of 30,000 French SMS, in: Proceedings of LREC 2006, Genova, N. Calzolari, Ed., ELRA/ELDA, Paris, 2006.
